Understanding Alzheimers Disease among Older Population

Introduction The target population is the older generation. This is because scientific studies have demonstrated that the risk of developing the disease is positively correlated with age. The disease is highly prevalent among the older generation and has a great impact on quality of life that individual life and it further places so many demands on the healthcare system due to care involved in managing the patients.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease among Older Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Population Demographics It is estimated that about 3% of men and women aged between 65 years and 74 years have Alzheimer’s disease and over 50% of the population over the age of 85 have the disease. At least one person out of ten people over 65 years has Alzheimer according to ADEAR. It is pertinent to note that having Alzheimer’s disease in old age is not part of the normal process of aging (Administration on Aging, 2003, p. 3). This is just the commonest dementia among older people. Currently, the disease affects 5.3 million people of older population and slightly over 50% of them are receive their care from home while the rest are in different healthcare facilities across the country. Most of the Alzheimer’s patients are ages 65 years and above, though some patients can develop the disease early as in their 30’s (Administration on Aging, 2003, p. 3). After the 65 years, it has been found that the probability of developing Alzheimer’s disease doubles after every 5 years and as a result, by the age of 85 years, the risk of acquiring the diseases is about 50%. According to Alzheimer’s disease, the prevalence of the disease is expected to rise to between 12 and 16 million cases by 2050 in America (Sloane et al, 2002, p. 213). General Impact of Changing Demographics on Health Market With the number of ol der population having a steady rise because of improved healthcare system, many American get live up to the life expectancy of 70 years (Hebert et al, 1995, 1356). This has made AD to become number six on the leading causes of deaths in America today. It’s expected that this trend with reach 1 million new cases of the disease per year by 2050. The healthcare expenses are expected to increase considerably (three-fold) per person, for AD sufferers as well all patients of other dementias compared to other older people without this health condition (Administration on Aging, 2003, p. 4). The Medicaid payment has risen to nine times higher in 2050. The out-of-pocket expenses have increased to 28% higher for the AD patient population that benefits from Medicare than those without the disease. Those patients who received health care from home record the highest expenses of up to an average of $16,689 per year.Advertising Looking for research paper on aging? Let's see if we can h elp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These numbers underscore the potential increase in the US medical burden care burden. There is likely to be a knock-on impact with cost related to management of the disease especially the cost of drugs and hospital care services. These projections may draw federal government involvement, resulting into an initiative for AD that would address provision of extra care for the patients (Brookmeyer et al, 1998, p. 1339). The numbers also indicate that the AD drug will increase in the market to cater for the growing numbers. So far, this sector has had high-value treatments that have the pursuit of pharmaceutical companies. The prediction of increase cases and cost includes drugs costs hence an opportunities for drug manufacturing firms (Brookmeyer et al, 1998, p. 1339). By 2009, the AD drug market had reached $5 billion. Key challenges The main challenge is the cost of care. In most cases AD can last for longs as it’s a chronic condition. Medicare does not pay for these longer healthcare services. It is only for the short-term cases that the Medicare advantage pays for the stay in a health facility (Brookmeyer et al, 1998, p. 1339). Medicare pays only for the first 20 days of stay and when the patient stays for more than these 20 days, the patient has to co-pays the balance of the days. The second challenge is the prescription medication costs. Medicare usually pays for all the medications that are administered when the patient is admitted in the hospital of any health facility even when they are not AD patient. Medications that are given in the doctor’s office are also covered by the part B provision of Medicare (Sloane et al, 2002, p. 213). However prescription drugs taken at home are a great challenge. The part D of Medicare provision only covers specific drugs prescribed for AD but still, that would depend on formulary – list of the covered drugs. Market Needs for AD The current medications are very costly and this has lead to poor adherences to medication as the patients or their families cannot afford these drugs. Medicare only pays for the drugs given in hospitals and a certain number of drugs for home prescription. This means that pharmaceutical have to develop cheaper alternatives to supplements the current drugs in the market (Brookmeyer et al, 1998, p. 1342). Alternatively the government should step in and subsidized AD drugs to make them affordable. Moreover, the soaring numbers makes these drugs highly on demand hence the cost increased due to demand dynamics (Hebert et al, 2003, P. 1121).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease among Older Population specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The healthcare setting is very expensive while the current system is only appropriate for handling acute cases; this makes chronic care a challenge. It se ems to disregard that the needs of AD patients require chronic care services, quality service, cost-effective and provide social support (Hebert et al, 2003, P. 1121). AD patients can be best cared for at home, however, the current programs do not provide adequate funding for ensuring there is safety and proper welfare of AD patients is socially support setting (Brookmeyer et al, 1998, p. 1342). Furthermore, there are very limited alternatives to offer AD patient the psychological and social stimulation needed for symptoms management and slowing disease progression. Chronic Wellness Program Considering that AD is a chronic and degenerative medical condition, a chronic wellness program would be very appropriate for handling the disease (Sloane et al, 2002, p. 211). This will allow access to educational support, and care providers will be able to learn best practice, identify products and services to enhance in-home care and allow patient to be serviced by professional care givers who are well conversant with the disease challenges (Hebert et al, 2003, p. 1122). Individual and Community Support With the escalating cases of the diseases are portrayed by the demographics, Medicare alone cannot be able to deal within the needs of these patients. Besides, over 70% of the AD patients depend on their families for daily care and the condition has extraordinary financial and emotional burden on the care providers (Meagher et al, 2009, p. 86). This therefore means that all the stakeholders must get involved, from individual patient to the society at large. This is a holistic approach to handle the problem and requires collective effort. The combined effort would therefore include identification of mutual interests, development of new relationships and forming partnership to pursue these interests (Meagher et al, 2009, p. 86). This will form a network where individuals help in expansion of the objective and the impact of the collective responsibilities for the diseases. T he goal should not be anything leas that finding the best cure and management strategy and making it accessible to all those in need of it (Meagher et al, 2009, p. 89). Reference List Administration On Aging, (2003). Statistics On The Aging Population. Rockville, MD: US Department Of Health And Human Services; U.S. Bureau Of The Census Brookmeyer, R., Gray, S., Kawas, S. (1998). Projections Of Alzheimer’s Disease In The United States And The Public Health Impact Of Delaying Disease Onset. Am J Publ Health, 88,1337–1342.Advertising Looking for research paper on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hebert, L. E., et al., (1995). Age-Specific Incidence Of Alzheimer’s Disease In A Community Population. Jama 273:1354-59. Hebert, L.E, et al, (2003). Alzheimer Disease In The US Population: Prevalence Estimates Using The 2000 Census. Arch Neurol; 60:1119–1122. Meagher, B., Penfield, S., Lee, R. (2009). Commentary On â€Å"A Roadmap For The Prevention Of Dementia II: Leon Thal Symposium 2008. The Megacommunity Approach To Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 5 (2), 85-92 Sloane P. D., et al. (2002). The Public Health Impact Of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2000–2050: Potential Implication Of Treatment Advances. Annu Rev Publ Health, 23, 213–231 This research paper on Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease among Older Population was written and submitted by user Beatrice Lawrence to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Report Proposal Essays - Employment, Free Essays

Research Report Proposal Essays - Employment, Free Essays Research Report Proposal Workplace Health and Safety in the Workplace By DHRUV PATEL 300856248 GNED 219 - 004 Submitted to: Prof. Philip Alalibo October 9, 2015 Proposal: 1. Description of the Subject: - Workplace health and safety is one of the biggest concern in Canadian workplace that has affected many Canadian lives. It is the major obstacle for the employers to cope up with as it is the primary responsibility of the employers to ensure their worker's health and safety. It takes combined efforts of both employers and workers to ensure that the workplace is safe and effective steps are evolving to prevent any or every incident. Research Statement: - Workplace Health and Safety: A challenge for employer Our topic "Impacts of Immigration" and "Impacts of Technology in Canadian workplace" directly or indirectly addresses the issue of workplace health and safety in the workplace. Canada is a multicultural country as we welcome thousands of immigrants every year. Immigrants think of Canada as prime modem of safer and economically stable country to ensure their subtle future. Mainly, because Canada offers a huge range of employment in compare to any other country and also multiculturalism. If the employer won't tackle the issue of sa fety and health, it not only would affect their business but Canadian economy as well. In general, not only immigrants but Canadians will no longer feel safe to work in the environment that is hazardous to them. On the other hand, Technology plays a pivotal role in ensuring workplace health and safety. Employers are bringing in more and more machines to increase productivity. While in contrast, it could also create a threat for the workers as often big and heavy machines comes with ample of wirings and knife-sharped tools which can easily add up to a critical injury in the workplace. The debate around health and safety in workplace is mainly revolves employers and ministry of health and safety. Both prime concern is worker's health and safety. Employers must ensure health and safety of each and every individual that work for them. Employer should always promote safety agenda to prevent incidents. They must encourage workers to opt out for insurance to cover all of their health issues that are not covered by the Health Canada which includes prescriptions as well. Safety meet should be organized every month or two and hear problems from both end's . Workplace essentials such as safety shoes, garments etc . should be mandatory and remain the responsibility of both worker and employer to ensure that. The civil argument over obligatory representative medication testing as a method for guaranteeing that working environments are medication and liquor free proceeds in this nation, especially in security delicate segments, and generally as an after effect of impact from the United States, where such testing is a great deal more common. Those for required medication testing in the work environment for the most part depend intensely on contentions with respect to wellbeing, security and efficiency. It is attested, for instance, that individuals who test decidedly for medications and liquor in the work environment have higher rates of non-appearance and poorer occupation execution than different representatives and that they represent a risk to working environment, and now and again even open, security. Then again, the individuals who solidly contradict medication testing trust that, while the objective of a sound, sheltered and gainful workplace is commendable, required testing claims excessively incredible a social expense. Specific accentuation is set on the way that medication testing is an encroachment of an individual's real uprightness and his or her entitlement to protection. It is additionally affirmed that medication testing projects victimize people on the premise of a real or saw incapacity. The in quiry then emerges in the matter of whether a parity can be struck between the sympathy toward open and work environment wellbeing and the sympathy toward individual protection and human rights. On the other hand, this inquiry presupposes that a huge business related medication and liquor issue exists in this nation and that medication testing is the best method for battling it . 2. Literature Review: Source 1: Smith, D. (2000). Consulted to death. Winnipeg: Arbeiter Ring Pub. Description of content in

Resume styles that will get you the job

Resume styles that will get you the job Job hunting today is serious business. Simply put, the competition is tougher than ever for available jobs, which means that every aspect of your job hunting game needs to be razor sharp- including your resume. Don’t forget, in many ways your resume is your â€Å"calling card†- it will make your first impression on potential employers for you, and if the first impression you make isn’t great, chances are you’re closing the door on new opportunities. Crafting a professional and polished resume should be a top priority for you when you’re looking for a new job. Sure, we understand that you want to stand out from the job hunting crowd, but there are ways you can make yourself stand out for all the wrong reasons, and doing so will not do you any favors when you’re trying to land your next great position. This includes the â€Å"flashy resume,† which can take on a variety of bizarre forms. We’re all familiar with the resumes that try and get too creative and make use of multiple colors, pictures, wacky fonts, and too-clever styles- sure, your resume might get noticed by an HR professional or hiring manager, but when it does it’ll also likely not be taken seriously or it’ll be laughed right into the delete folder. Not a great start to any job hunt.Regardless of what industry you’re job hunting in, there are some clear dos and don’ts in the world of resumes, from fonts to styles, colors, and more. Consider following these general guidelines when you’re sending your next resume out for consideration.Resume Dos and DontsDespite all the advancements in technology and how we look for jobs in recent years, the world of resumes is still a somewhat traditional one, where clarity and substance trumps excessive amounts of style. When choosing a font for your resume, it’s always a good idea to choose a traditional font that’s easy to read. Remember, your resume is one of doz ens (sometimes even hundreds) that will be reviewed for any given job opening, so making it as easy as possible for hiring personnel to read is always a smart move.VelvetJobs recently published an article that covered a wide array of font sizes to consider for your resume. A few good clean and attractive fonts that are commonly used and well-received on resumes include Times New Roman, Calibri, Cambria, Verdana, and Arial. Don’t opt for an overly stylized font that’s hard to read, even if you think it looks cool or really shows off your aesthetic. Don’t select a font that’s too humorous or cute either. Also, choose a legible font size- an 11-point or 12-point font is a good choice for maximizing legibility. Don’t try to pull off a smaller font size in an effort to fit more text on a page- if you want to shrink things down, reduce the amount of text on the page instead of the font size.In terms of typography and structure, a clean and classic look t hat promotes maximum readability of your resume information (which becomes even more important as you gain experience and talking points over time) is still well-received in all industries. You may have the urge to show off your creative side with a clever resume design, but resist the urge to get too cute- a design that throws your readers into a confusing maze of information will not be appreciated or followed. Also, avoid including any pictures or graphics unless it’s expected in the position or industry that you’re job hunting in. A resume design that clearly showcases each position you’ve held, along with succinct bullet points that highlight your responsibilities and accomplishments, is always a good way to go.Keep it simple!A good rule of thumb when you’re crafting your resume is to always opt for substance over style, clarity over cleverness. Your final product should be a clear and polished document that conveys why you’re the ideal candid ate for the job, and should entice readers to want to learn more about you- hopefully over a face-to-face interview, where you can really show off your stuff. Use these dos and donts for crafting a resume when you’re on your next job hunt. Good luck!

Retail Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retail Marketing - Essay Example A good marketing mix entails place, packaging, product, promotion and price. Strategy of retailing is always first drawn in a business plan. A business plan entails information about the objective and goals of the business. The plan always embraces research over who the business’s potential customers are as well as what their necessities. The plan should consist decisions on marketing mix style, such as how the customers will acquire the products. An efficacious retail company recognizes their market, the essential of considered location, and their customers. Competition in the retail business is sometime fierce, thus, such companies need the superlative micro marketing implements or factors accessible to analyze where to locate new stores inaugurate client profiles, and regulate preeminent marketing practices in order to treasure new customers (Berman, and Evans, 30-90). Some of the factors are explained in the following paragraphs. First factor is the retail pricing. In the industry of commerce retail pricing is denoted as psychological prices. In retail marketing, the prices are always fixed and exhibited on signs. This is because when prices are not displayed clearly, there can be price discernment. This is where the price for sale relies on the customers (Berman, and Evans, 30-90). ... Using of clients patronage, more or less constantly predicts the necessity for staffing for different function. Typically necessity varies extensively. Compliant staff exploitation to staffing necessities obliges a flexible workforce that can be available when required (Kappa, 90-9). Third factor is the transfer mechanism in retail marketing. It is tremendously vital for retailers to consider the means of delivering their products to their customers. There are various means of delivering goods to consumers: Counter services, it is mostly applied where products are not accessible to clients and must be acquired from the seller. This delivery service is mostly for small costly goods such as jewelry and controlled substances such as liquor and medicine (â€Å"Turning the Retail 'Showrooming Effect' into a Value-add†). Another means of getting goods to customers is through delivery. With this service products are shipped directly to clients home or at their work (â€Å"Retail Mar keting†). Telephone ordering is common nowadays either from television advertisement, newspaper, catalog or a local restaurant menu, for instant services such pizza delivery. Lastly is the door to door marketing, where the retailer travels with products for sale (Kappa, 90-9). Fourth factor of retailing is the customer services. This is the sum of deeds and components that permit the consumers to obtain what they desire from the retailer establishment. It is advisable for sales associates to welcome customers and make themselves available to aid the customers reach what they need (â€Å"Advance marketing strategies with ROI at every step†). When customers enter into the store, it is essential that the sales associate to make sure customers feel at home,

Policy making in carbon capture and storage Essay

Policy making in carbon capture and storage - Essay Example CCS is very attractive because it has the capabilities of enabling the biggest global economies to utilize abundant and cheap coal resources. The coal usage is without releasing large volumes of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are four key policy recommendations that can enhance the widespread adoption of CCS in the United States. Firstly, the United States federal government should provide subsidies to enhance commercial scale CCS. The subsidies should cater for several approaches of geological storage. Though CCS can be a profitable venture, the government should provide assistance during the short term to illustrate the technology at commercial levels. The government support should also cover several costs, like expenses involved in independent monitoring of the CCS projects. Grants are needed to support the financing of the present PC plants that have the post combustion capture processes. The awards should cover only part of the expenses in the CCS projects; this is because the projects possess several factors that ensure economical benefits. For instance, accelerating state subsidies for the CCS

United States vs Microsoft :: United States v. Microsoft

â€Å"United States v. Microsoft was a court case filed against Microsoft Corporation on May 18, 1998 by the United States Department of Justice and twenty U.S. states. The plaintiff’s alleged that Microsoft abused monopoly power in its handling of operating system sales and web browser sales†. (Wikipedia 1) Basically this means that Microsoft Corporation was accused of forming a monopoly against all other software corporations because Microsoft was selling its computers with Internet Explorer already installed on it. This way customers were getting a web browser for free almost and therefore. Microsoft sold more computers. This is known as bundling. Bundling them together is what gave Microsoft the victory in the so called â€Å"browser wars† because e very Windows user had a version of Internet Explorer installed on their computer upon purchase. Because of this advantage it was alleged to be unfair to other web browsers because it unfairly restricted the competing web browser market. The trial started in May 1998 with the US Justice Department and the Attorneys General of twenty US states suing Microsoft for illegally hindering competition in order to protect and extend its software monopoly. They were later sued because they were forcing computer makers to install IE onto the computers they sold. They threatened PC manufacturers with revoking their license to distribute Windows if they removed the IE icon from the initial desktop. (WIkipedia) Videotapes were submitted as evidence during court procedures. Among these tapes was one that demonstrated that removing IE from Microsoft Windows caused slowdowns and malfunctions. Viewers noticed that the tape had been altered because certain desktop icons would be present in once shot and then not present in another shot. Microsoft later submitted another tape which turned up to be faulty as well. The government produced its own tape of downloading other browsers onto the PC. This process was slow and the icon was not placed on the

Reliability of Human Memory

The reliability of human memory, though typically seen as quite accurate and trust- worthy, has been questioned by researchers in recent decades. In particular, one area of memory that has raised questioning is emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed, which were first referred to as flashbulb memories' in 1977 by Roger Brown and James Kulak, which occur due to powerful events such as the death of Princess Diana, and the terrorist attacks on 9/1 1 . These memories are not as reliable as perceived, and do not provide accurate details of past events liable.This can be seen in the following two Journal articles; one which looks at memory recollection after 9/1 1 occurred over 3 different time periods, straight after, 1 year after and 3 years after, and the other looks at the flashbulb memories produced after the nuclear attacks in Japan in 1999. It is important to adopt the idea that flashbulb memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably, and mo re so look at them Just like every other memory. The first Journal article examines long-term retention of memory from the tragedy hat is the terrorist attacks of September 1 1 .The study had over 3000 individuals from seven US cities report on their learning of the attacks, as well as details about the attack, one week, 11 months and 35 months after the assault. The following were focused on in the study: † (1) the long-term retention of flashbulb and event memories, (2) the comparative retention of emotional reactions with the retention of other features of a flashbulb event, (3) possible difference in the underlying processing associated with the formation and retention of flashbulb and event memories, and (4) the factors that shape long-term retention, including the role of memory practices. † (Hirsh W.Et al, 2009, Para. 3) The study was conducted simply through 3 similarly designed surveys for the different time periods, with the first 6 questions relating to develo ping consistency of flashbulb memories, the next 4 on the accuracy of event memories, and the remaining questions on predictors, with confidence levels recorded for each answer as well. Concluding the research study, it was found that the rate of forgetting for flashbulb memories and event memory lows after a year, the strong emotional reactions drawn out by flashbulb events are remember poorly, and that the content of flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year.The second Journal article consists of a study that looks at the nuclear accident that occurred in Japan, in 1999 and whether or not different aspects such as the source, place, activity or people have an effect on the accuracy of flashbulb memories. The study was conducted through a questionnaire which was distributed twice; 3 weeks and a year after the event occurred, to people that lived on the site of the bombing as ell as in the surrounding area. The questionnaire asked such questions as â€Å"from where did y ou receive the news? And, â€Å"how many times did you talk about it with other people? † at both time periods to see the consistency of answers, along side to see if there was any outside influence on the persons memory. The results from the study determined that only a small portion of participants indicated accurate flashbulb memories, alongside this, those that did have accurate flashbulb memories reported rehearsing the memory more than those that had inaccurate memories – his encourages the idea that flashbulb memories are formed through rehearsal, rather than at encoding. (Attain, h. , et al. , 2005, p. ) Like every study, the one regarding September 1 lath also has strengths and weaknesses when collecting and evaluating the data to come to a conclusion on the accuracy of flashbulb memories, however the strengths of the study outweigh that of the weaknesses. The first strength of the study is that it provides data not only from one time period from when the even t occurred, but from multiple so that it can not only look at how much is remembered over a certain period of time, but also to an extent at what rate memory retention declines, as well as stabilizes, which as mentioned earlier the rate of forgetting slows after a year.Another strength of the study is that by providing confidence levels, it also helps to show whether or not the person doing the survey was guessing to fill in the answers, or if they genuinely believed what their memory was telling them, which as a result showed on a whole that memory is not as trustworthy as perceived, with many people reporting different Tories several years later, with very high confidence levels. Weaknesses are also evident in the study, however not as weighted as the strengths for it.One weakness that is prominent in the study is that because the survey is not done in a controlled environment, and is rather sent in the mail to the person, when completing the survey there could be other factors in the persons home which may potentially affect what they are thinking at the time, and thus could provide inaccurate data in the long run. Another weakness in the study, although it does not have too large of an impact, s that health issues had not been accounted for, which in turn could potentially alter the overall data.Overall it can be seen that the strengths of the study outweigh that of the weaknesses, and therefore the study provides accurate data which in turn shows that flashbulb memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably. The study conducted regarding the nuclear accident in Japan has numerous strengths and weaknesses involved in the collection and evaluation of the data, which ultimately affects the outcome of the study.In this study the strengths outweighed that of the weaknesses. The first noticeable strength in the study is that it looks at the four different aspects – the source, place, activity and people – which provides a broader understanding of what information, if any, is retained accurately. Though from the study it showed that each factor didn't have too large of an impact, and that flashbulb memory is not as accurate as first thought.Another strength of the study is that unlike in the first study, for this one the exact same questionnaire was used at both different time periods, so that it is a lot easier to compare insistence, rather than having different questions which potentially could be interpreted incorrectly. Alongside the strengths of the study, there are also weaknesses, one of which being that it does not look at lengthier time periods after the event happened, and it only looks at 2, unlike the other study which looked at 3.This could throw out the overall results of the study, however it still provides a general idea. Another weakness in the study is that Just like the first study, it does not take into account peoples health problems, or even age, which has a chance of providing incorrec t data. However, looking at the strengths of the study, they outweigh the weaknesses in the sense that they show that flashbulb memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably.In conclusion, the human memory, is not reliably accurate in providing details of past events. This was shown specifically after analyzing different Journal articles that look at flashbulb memories. In conclusion to the Journal article that tested flashbulb memory against the 9/1 1 attacks, it was concluded that the strong emotional reactions drawn out by flashbulb events are remember poorly, and that the content f flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year.In the following study that was conducted after the nuclear accident that occurred in Japan in 1999 was analyses, it was concluded that the idea that flashbulb memories are formed through rehearsal, rather than at encoding. After analyzing the following articles, it has been concluded that flash bulb memory is not and has not been reliable for recollecting events accurately. For future research for each of the studies, the surveys should be consistent over the time period so that accurate information is collected.Also, health ND age should be taken into account to reduce risk for incorrect data.